A General theory of relativity based on the Principle of Universality

The Principle of Uniformity (the size of a physical quantity is given by its locally measured value) is replaced by the Principle of Universality (the standard clock and measuring-rod for each observer directly measure identical increments of physical distance throughout the universe). This causes differences in the “coordinate” properties of measuring devices to be interpreted as differences in their physical properties. In the resulting theory, called Propagation-based General Relativity, the measured values for physical distances are transformed between observers by the Generalized Lorenz Transformations x′μ = aα √ (gg)ν x ν , making the measured speed of light a function of one’s gravitational energy. Changes in an observer’s gravitational energy modify his measuring devices by affecting the atomic structure of matter. The deflection of light is predicted without using Huyghen’s Principle. How the measured values of various physical quantities are affected is described. The same result is obtained for the red-shift of light. The De-Broglie wavelength is modified by gravitation: λ = h[(gg)0] 2/p. The Schwarzschild solution is re-examined: The physical size of radial coordinate 2m is 0, a traveler must perceive himself to go an infinite distance to reach the radial coordinate of 2m, and gravitational self-potential energy reaches a minimal value at the radial coordinate 3m. Therefore, black holes can not exist in this theory; Gravitational collapse forms hyper-massive star-like objects (hyperstars) instead. It is speculated that quasars are hyperstars, and that each galaxy forms from the matter ejected by a quasar/hyperstar which becomes the galaxy’s central object. 04.20.Cv, 04.40.Dg, 04.70.-s, 98.62.Ai, 98.63.Js Typeset using REVTEX E-mail: [email protected]